uropean stocks rose on Monday, after a survey showed a rebound in manufacturing activity across the continent’s leading economies in July as coronavirus lockdowns eased.

Rising demand saw manufacturing activity expanding in the eurozone last month for the first time since January 2019, according to new purchasing managers’ index (PMI) data on Monday.

The headline figure on IHS Markit’s closely watched PMI survey for eurozone manufacturing rose to 51.8 in July. It follows months of plummeting output as COVID-19 wreaked havoc with both supply and demand, though the decline had levelled off in June with a 47.5 reading. Figures above 50 show most firms surveyed are reporting growth.

The final headline figures for national economies came in at 51 in Germany, 52.4 in France, 53.5 in Spain, 51.9 in Italy, and 53.3 in Britain. A measure specifically measuring output also showed a return to growth in July, hitting 55.3, the highest rate of expansion since April 2018.

European stocks had been mixed at the open, but every leading index was trading flat or higher after the figures were released. The pan-European Stoxx 600 (^STOXX) was up 0.4%, and the Stoxx 50 (^STOXX50E) was up 0.7%.

Germany’s DAX (^GDAXI) rose 1.3%, the CAC 40 (^FCHI) in France rose 0.4%, and Britain’s FTSE 100 (^FTSE) was up 0.1%, paring back losses after opening 0.6% lower.

Asian stocks had been mixed overnight. Stocks in Shanghai (000001.SS) rose 1.8% as a private-sector survey showed Chinese factory activity grew at the fastest pace in almost a decade in July.

Japan’s Nikkei (^N225) gained 2.2%, but the Hang Seng (^HSI) index in Hong Kong shed 0.7%.

But gold prices also hit a new record high in Asia overnight, as fears over the course of the coronavirus and global economic recovery boosted demand for the precious metal.

Spot gold briefly hit a record high of $1,984.66 (£1,519.65) in trading overnight in Asia as investors’ jitters boosted the safe-haven asset, before sliding back to around $1,973.75. US gold futures (GC=F) were up 0.2% to $1,989.50 at around 3.30am eastern time in the US (8.30am in London).

It came after alarm over bleak economic data and rising COVID-19 cases in some countries knocked European stocks hard on Thursday and Friday. The gloomy data saw the pan-European Stoxx 600 (^STOXX) ending July 1.1% lower, marking its first monthly decline since markets plummeted in March.

US stocks looked set for a mixed open. S&P 500 futures (ES=F) were trading flat, Dow Jones futures (YM=F) were down 0.2%, and Nasdaq futures (NQ=F) were up 0.4% at around 4am eastern time after strong earnings from US tech giants last week.

• The S&P 500 erased its year-to-date losses late Monday as investors' rejuvenated risk-on attitude outweighed fears of lasting fallout from the coronavirus pandemic.


• The benchmark index plummeted as much as 34% from its mid-February peak before bottoming out on March 23.


• The market began its rally that day after the Federal Reserve announced a slew of unprecedented relief programs. Investors viewed the policies as a backstop for risk assets and kicked off the market's swift upswing.


• While the Nasdaq composite turned positive for the year on May 7, the S&P 500's rebound is spread across more industries than its tech-heavy peer.


• Watch the S&P 500 update live here.

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The S&P 500 wiped out its year-to-date losses in the final minutes of Monday trading as investors continued to shift focus from the recession to pile on bets on a historically quick economic recovery.

The benchmark US stock index sat roughly 34% below its mid-February peak on March 23 as the coronavirus pandemic spurred the fastest-ever plunge into bearish territory. On the same day, the Federal Reserve announced unprecedented steps to relieve pressure on markets and lenders. The central bank's pledge to purchase corporate debt lifted sentiments and drove record-pace buying activity.

Experts have referred to the Fed's actions as the spark for the stock market's rapid recovery. Before the central bank bought any corporate debt, investors rushed back into risky assets, confident the policy would serve as a backstop for sunken prices.

The S&P 500 isn't the first major index to retrace its steep losses. The Nasdaq composite accomplished the same feat on May 7, surging on growing inflows to mega-cap tech stocks. The S&P 500's rally, however, is far broader, led by soaring energy firms alongside Royal Caribbean Cruises, Lincoln National, and Apache.

"This is, in part, a reflation story. The market sees conditions as ripe for a strong and sustainable period of economic recovery," said Lauren Goodwin, an economist and multiasset portfolio strategist at New York Life Investments. "It's also become a story of defeating COVID-19. Beyond the traditional cyclical upswing, we saw a strong rotation into companies and sectors most deeply impacted by the virus."

Still, the rally isn't perfectly impartial. An equal-weighted version of the S&P 500 remains 2.6% lower this year, having tumbled far more on initial coronavirus fears than its more popular peer.

A spate of positive signals has fueled the index's run-up in recent weeks. Investors initially shrugged off nationwide protests against police brutality to bet on economic reopenings. Indexes tracking the US services and manufacturing industries pointed to stabilization after months of sharp decline.

Friday's jobs report shocked economists, as the unemployment rate dropped to 13.3% in May from 14.7%. Experts expected the metric to reach roughly 20%. Employers added more than 2.5 million jobs, trouncing estimates of 7.5 million payrolls lost over the month.

The S&P 500 closed at 3,232.39 on Monday, still down 4.7% from its intraday record on February 19.